Mutation

Nonrandom mating assortative mating positive: mate with similar phenotypes, increase homozygosity negative: mate with dissimilar phenotypes, increase heterozygosity inbreeding increase homozygosity inbreeding depression: increased frequency of homozygous recessive LOF mutations, loss of heterozygosity (many genes, especially those involved in disease fighting, are under [[selection|selection for heterozygote advantage]]. If an individual is homozygous at these genes, their fitness declines). outbreeding increase heterozygosity [[sexual selection]] spatial/temporal structure neighborhood mating, breeding time differences Mutation change allele frequency slightly. Only germline mutations contribute to evolutionary change. For molecular mechanisms of mutation and DNA repair, see [[mutations II, DNA damage and repair]] Pleiotropy single mutation affects multiple phenotypic traits Types: Deletion Insertion duplication inversion reciprocal translocation fusions fissions whole genome duplication mutation selection balance rate of deleterious alleles eliminates= rate of new copies being created Mutation, 𝝁: rate at which deleterious alleles arise by mutation [[selection]], strength of selection against deleterious allele (0 – 1)