Sexual selection

How is [[selection|sexual selection different from natural selection]]?

Primary sexual traits gonads and genitalia Secondary sexual traits traits that differ between sexes, but don't play a direct role in reproduction

Selection tradeoffs

Types of sexual selection male-male competition female choice males signal for high quality: good genes, sexy sons rock-paper-scissors mating strategies are genetically determines, tradeoffs outcompete each other in a circular fashion Operational sex ratio (OSR) ratio of males: females that are available and seeking 1:1 competition equal, similar behavior, similar morphology, similar investment male biased: male pretty empirical example: [[sexual selection discussion]] — OSR shift in two-spotted goby

Asexual reproduction one parent, offspring are clones fission, budding, vegetative propagation, parthenogenesis Simultaneous hermaphrodites each one has male and female parts, fertilize each other simultaneously Sequential hermaphrodites mater as males, then later become females. Live in groups of 1 female and many males, when female dies the dominant male changes sex Parthenogenesis female produces embryo without sperm. All female. Clones Asexual outcompetes sexual because males are two-fold cost Sexual population adapt quicker has recombination, prevents fixation of deleterious [[mutation|mutations]] clonal interference competition among beneficial mutations; also relates to [[selection]] (frequency-dependent)